Friday, October 6, 2017

United States v. Carroll Towing Co.

2nd Cir COA - 1947

Facts:

  • D was in charge of handling the mooring lines for a barge operated by the P.
  • D did so negligently and the barge broke free from the pier and ran into another ship. The ship's propeller made a hole in the barge, and it sank.
  • P sued D for negligence. D claimed that P was required to have a bargee on board at the time and that if there had been one on board, the damages could have been minimized.

Procedural History:

  • Trial court found for P but found D's argument compelling, divided the damages.
  • 2nd Cir COA affirmed, divided the damages.

Issues:

  • Can a person be liable for failing to take a reasonable precaution against great risk of injury even where the probability of the injury occurring is very small?

Holding/Rule:

  • A person may be liable for failing to take reasonable precaution against great risk of injury even when the probability of the injury occurring is very small.

Reasoning:

  • There are three variables to consider when looking at precaution against risk: the probability of the harm, the seriousness of the injury if the harm occurs, and the cost of the adequate precaution.
  • If the burden is less than the probability x the liability, then the person not exercising care is liable.
  • The bargee was absent without an excuse for 21 hours. The bargee knew the damage could be great if the barge broke away from the pier.
  • Thus, the P is partial liable for not exercising precaution.

Dissent:

  • None.

Notes:

  • B < P * L, then liable.
  • This is similar to an economic cost-benefit analysis.

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